A Whitemaraner?

I came across a very interesting photo today. It is of a really cool looking dog with a mainly white coat and a grey …as in Weimaraner grey… head. It also has a grey spot on its back near the tail.

I have seen Weims with a white "blaze" or spot on the chest and even one that had a couple of white toes, but this dog had far more white than grey in its coat.  I shared the photo on Facebook and remarked how cool it would be to hunt over him since he would be really easy to see and not blend into the forest like my all-grey dogs do.

I had no idea that this would be the start of a somewhat contentious debate (I was even 'de-friended' by one person who thought I was on a mission to destroy the purity of the breed!). In the comment section of the photo more than one person stated that the dog could not be a "pure" Weimaraner (others were less than polite, calling the dog a "mutt" and dropping  F bombs.)  And a few people wrote that the dog must be the result of a cross with a GSP or with a Pointer. And they may be correct. After all there is no genetic law that makes it impossible for dogs of different breeds to mate. All they need are testicles and ovaries.

But there are a couple of things that make me wonder if the dog might actually be as pure as any other all-grey Weim. First of all, the owner has stated that it is from two pure grey Weims. And apparently other similar dogs have had their DNA tested by Dr. Epplen at the University of Bochum and have been declared "100% pure".  I've heard from other folks that they have also seen this type of coat in litters of pure-bred all-grey Weims in the US. Here is a link to some photos and a discussion thread about one such dog.

The other thing that got me thinking was not really the white in the coat, but the grey. You see, the Weim coat is basically a brown (liver) colour that is "watered down" by a dilution factor that messes with the melanin in the hair shafts. The mechanism is a bit complicated but my friend Sheila Schmutz explains it very well here. What is important to remember is that the dilution factor is recessive. That means both parents must have the factor in order for their pups to express it. So if the Weims in the photos are in fact the results of cross breedings to GSPs or Pointers as has been suggested, then the Pointer or GSP parent must have had the dilution factor too.

Years ago, I actually saw some pups from a Weimaraner x Vizsla "oops" breeding. But they were all solid liver. None of them had any hint of grey... and that make sense. Only one parent (the Weim) would have had the dilution factor. The other (the Vizsla) did not have the dilution factor so the pups could never be grey.

Finally, there is the possibility of some kind of developmental problem occurring during the pup's gestation. Apparently, while pups are still in the womb, the migration of the pigments (melanocytes) that bring colour to the dog can sometimes be delayed or interrupted. Sheila Schmutz writes that:

Because melanocytes migrate down from the spinal column during embryogenesis not all animals complete this process by birth or thereafter. In dogs, it is therefore not uncommon to see white toes on an otherwise black or red dog. This is probably more a random event than the result of a specific allele. Another common "white spot" on dogs occurs on the chest. This must again be a site where melanocytoe migration occurs very late in fetal development and a cold or other developmental delay prevents the completion of melanocyte migration. It may be that the rate of melanocyte migration is itself inherited.

In some dogs… a white chest spot occurs. Some standards mention this as a fault. This is likely simply incomplete pigment migration in the particular individual, and not an inherited trait. Such small amounts of white on the chest or on the toes, do not seem to be caused by mutations…  More here.

In the most recent edition of the Weimaraner club of Germany's magazine Weimaraner Nachtrichten (Dec, 2011), there is an article written by  Dr. Ilka Schalwat. The title of the article is White markings in the Weimaraner Coat are multifactorial and not purely hereditary. Here are a few quotes (please excuse my less than ideal translation, my German really sucks....)

As breeders, we bear great responsibility for the quality of our breed, the Weimaraner. Our goal should be to follow the what the breed standard specifies. But we should also strive to meet the overall objectives of the Weimaraner Club which are: breeding to improve Weimaraner as a hunting dog, fight disease and ensure good health.

Several years ago with these objectives in mind I chose a promising athletic males from my A-litter. He was recognized as a top male that has been very successful especially for hunting wild boar. The VGP tested male had a small white patch on his chest, to which I never attributed any importance since he met the FCI standard. But during the physical breeding examination I learned for the first time that the size of the spot on the breast is a factor for breeding considerations. 

This experience was a surprise to me, and enough reason to make me concerned about the "inheritance" of white markings. The mother and the father of that dog were both without white markings, so I was quite astonished that the some puppies in my A-litter had white and some did not. At the recent dog show in 2011 I saw an entire litter from a well-known kennel, where all the litter mates had "too much"white. 

For many it was incomprehensible. This really very dramatic experience guided my thoughts while I was planning my C-litter. I asked myself: How can I as the breeder reduce the risk for white markings in the selection of breeding partners? By what breeding methods can I use to limit the risk? I studied all

the stud books of the last 10 years and compared them with the litter registration. I quickly realized that the white markings were clearly not just an issue from 100 years ago when it was a typical Weimaraner phenomenon, but it was still an issue today. 

Every year at least 25% of our puppies are noted to have white markings. In the last 10 years the rates have fluctuated, from 20 to 30%.... and I realized from the study of breeding books and notes that there is no indication for a possible mode of inheritance, no way to predict if a puppy will or will not have white markings. 

I consulted with, Prof. Dr.Jörg Epplen at the Ruhr University in Bochum, the well-known Weimaraner supporter who has written numerous articles on inheritance in our club magazine. His reply surprised me. 

"White spots are caused by many factors, not exactly hereditary, and certainly not by a single feature. They stem from delayed melanocyte migration "

Apparently, the formation of white spots is not yet fully elucidated. But leading scientists looking into the question believe the following: In the embryonic stage, melanocytes come from the neural crest (embryonic precursor structure to the spinal cord) then, along with the skin stem cells migrate. But a developmental delay due to infection or other problem, even if it is only for a few days during the pregnancy, can mean that the migration of melanocytes to the most remote places such as chest and paws do not make it in time.

Therefore, white markings may, in my opinion, be tolerated in the breed standard if the spot is not too large. And not all spots remain visible for a lifetime, because the pigmented hair can continue to proliferate as the dog matures.  Excluding a dog from breeding because of a little white blaze is therefore unnecessary… such exclusion does not contribute to the improvement the race. 

Even Dr. Werner Petri pointed out in his widely acclaimed textbook "Weimaraner Heute" suggests that not only at the beginning of Weimaraner breeding more than 100 years ago but even well into the last century, almost all Weimaraners had white markings (Petri Weimaraner Heute, 2003). 

Due to increased breeding regulation in recent years, with regard to size and location of what are truly incidental white markings, an unfortunate negative selection pressure for breeding Weimaraners without white has emerged and some people want a "reinterpretation" of the standard.  

But compared to hunting performance, health and good hips, white markings should only play a minor role. Everyone now wants to keep his kennel completely free of "white". And if you now have potential puppy buyers prevented from buying a puppy because of some white, it is a senseless waste of valuable genetic variability.

EDIT: It looks like a similar thing can happen to Deer too! (unless of course it is cross bred to a Pointer :)

UDATE POSTED

I've received a surprising number of emails and comments regarding the mystery of the "Whitemaraner". In fact, my blog post has had nearly 500 visitors in less than 24 hours. So I thought I would make another post with some new information I have gathered. Read more here.

Website Update

I've finally begun a much needed update of my photography website. Over the next little while, I will be adding more galleries, videos, info and cool links. Stay tuned!

Breed of the Week: Slovakian Rough-Haired Pointer

Despite fanciful tales of medieval kings and claims of ancient lineage, the continental pointing dog breeds are relatively recent creations — most of them are less than 150 years old. some are even younger than that. One of the newest kids on the block is a grey wire-haired gundog from Slovakia. It is the culmination of an effort, begun in the early 1950s, to combine three well-regarded and established breeds in order to come up with something greater than the sum of its parts.

HISTORY
In the early 1950s, several unusual puppies appeared in litters of Cesky Fouseks whelped in Slovakia. They had the same rough-haired coat as their Fousek parents, but they were grey in color. The first was a single grey pup that popped up in a litter bred by László (Ladislav) Gresznarik in Šaľa, Slovakia. How and why a grey puppy ended up in a litter of Cesky Fouseks is, of course, open to speculation. But we do know that Gresznarik was instrumental in the development of the Wirehaired Vizsla and may have used Cesky Fouseks, German Wirehaired Pointers, and Weimaraners in some of his early efforts. The grey wire-haired coat probably occurred by chance when just the right combination of recessive genes happened to line up.

Gresznarik named the grey pup Bobi Selle. Koloman Slimák later used Bobi to breed to an Austrian-born Weimaraner bitch named Monika ad Haraska. A dog from that litter, Hlas z. Karpat, was eventually bred to another Austrian Weimaraner bitch from the Wastlhütte kennel.

Around the same time, two more grey rough-haired pups appeared in a litter of Fouseks whelped in the town of Pila. They were eventually crossed with the dogs bred by Slimák. Early on, an experimental stud book for the dogs was established by the Slovakian Hunters Union. At first, the dogs were registered as Hrubosrstý Weimarský Stavač (Wirehaired Weimaraners). At some point — it is not clear exactly when — the Slovakian Hunters Union asked the Weimaraner Club of Germany to recognise their dogs as such but according to Dr. Werner Petri, a former president of the German Weimaraner club, the request was refused in 1964. Other sources state that it wasn’t until 1975 that the official position of the German Weimaraner club was made public. Nonetheless, by the end of the 1970s it was clear that the breed would not be recognised as a variant of the Weimaraner, and that it needed a new name. So, efforts got underway in Slovakia to convince the FCI to recognize the breed as the Slovenský Hrubosrstý Stavač, the Slovakian Rough-Haired Pointer.

Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, the first application submitted by the breed club was refused. Apparently the FCI requested that the club increase the breed’s population and widen its genetic base before reapplying. By the early 1980s, breeders in Slovakia had registered over 400 Slovakian Rough-Haired Pointers and developed three distinct lines. They had also established a commission with the expressed goal of gaining recognition for the breed. Finally, on the 6th of June, 1983 at the general meeting of the FCI held in Madrid, Spain, the Slovakian Rough-Haired Pointer, the most recently created breed in the extended family of Continental pointing dogs, was announced.

Since that time the SRHP has become a relatively popular gundog breed in Slovakia and has attracted interest in France, the Nether- lands and the UK. But the breed is still very much a work in progress. A number of important issues need to be addressed before it can be considered completely stabilised.

SELECTION AND BREEDING
The majority of Slovak Pointers are bred in Slovakia where approximately 30 to 50 pups are whelped annually. There are also breeders in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, France and the UK.

Since its very beginning, breeders have sought to combine the qualities of the Weimaraner, the German Wirehaired Pointer and the Cesky Fousek in one breed. After nearly 60 years, they have succeeded in producing excellent all-around hunting dogs and a national pointing dog breed for Slovakia. But breeders are still trying to stabilise the quality and color of the coat and struggling with certain health issues. Performance aspects are also undergoing some modifications as some breeders work toward faster, wider-ranging dogs while trying to maintain the SRHP’s excellent reputation as a tracking and retrieving breed. The club has therefore kept an open mind in terms of allowing crosses to the original founding breeds and others. Michal Urban, secretary of the national breed club, explains:

It is only in Slovakia that we are allowed to breed to the original breeds. There are very strict rules in the program. We opened the register because we needed to create a wider base for the breed.We only keep the best working dogs with the appropriate look. We use mainly German Wire- haired Pointers and Weimaraners. We try to avoid too much Cesky Fousek because of problems with the coat (alopecia). We have also used German Shorthaired Pointers and Pudelpointers in the past. In 2005, we started to work out the new line for this breed as a combination of three foundation breeds, like it was at the beginning. All this work is strictly organized by our club in keeping with FCI regulations allowing these crossings to be done only in the country of origin. 

Nicolas Elder, a breeder in Ireland, adds:

Hunting in Continental Europe is far more structured and traditional than in the UK and Ireland. Each country would have a hunting union that would police and protect the hunting and, in some countries, ensure that there are dogs available. These unions would organise dog training, give out proficiency certificates, keep records of their pedigrees and generally ensure that all the working ability in the breeds were maintained. They were not restrained by kennel club rules and the desires of people showing the dogs. If a bit of hybrid vigor was needed to improve things, then crossbreeding was accepted.

WHAT'S IN A NAME
If there were a contest for the hardest breed name to pronounce, the Slovenský Hrubosrstý Stavac would probably win. Despite my Ukrainian heritage, I had a heck of a time learning to properly pronounce it. But when I was in Slovakia, I discovered that a shot of the local whiskey, Slivovica, loosened my tongue just enough to help me get around the rolled r’s. So, you may want to pour yourself a stiff drink first, and then say: Slo-VEn-skee H’roo BoSS risty STaV atch.


Slovenský means “Slovakian”. The literal translation of Hrubosrstý is “strong”, but in this context it means “wire-haired” and refers to the breed’s harsh coat. Stavac is the Slovak word for “pointing dog”. In some publications the word Ohar , the Czech word for “pointing dog”, appears in brackets after Stavac. Its inclusion in the breed name reflects the fact that, until 1992, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were one nation—Czechoslovakia—with two official languages. According to the FCI, the official name for the breed in English is Slovakian Wirehaired Pointing Dog. But breeders and owners in England and the US refer to it as the Slovakian Rough- Haired Pointer, abbreviated to SRHP.

It is easy to why the original breeders of SRHPs wanted to call them Wirehaired Weimaraners. They do indeed look like Weimaraners with a wire-haired coat, beard and moustache. They are roughly the same size as Weimaraners, and they have the same powerful, athletic build. Slovak pups are also born with black stripes on their back and have blue eyes that eventually change to an amber color, just like Weims. The ideal Slovak coat consists of a short, fine undercoat covered by a flat-lying, harsh topcoat of approximately 4 cm in length. Facial furnishings include a well-developed moustache, beard and eyebrows. The hair on the ears is short and soft. The tail is usually cropped to half-length. As with all the wire-haired Continental breeds, the ideal coat can be difficult to achieve.

Since the Slovak Pointer is still more or less a work in progress, coat quality varies more than in older, more stabilised breeds such as the German Wire- haired Pointer. Slovak coats range from nearly smooth to very woolly. Colors range from a very light silver-grey to a darker grey-brown shade referred to as “sable”. In some litters, pups are born with mixed grey and liver roan coats with or without patches of solid liver on the flanks.

MY VIEW
When I first started to read up on the various breeds of versatile pointing dogs, I would occasionally come across references in books and magazines to a grey wire-haired gundog from Slovakia. The information provided was usually fairly vague however, and there were rarely any decent photographs to accompany the text. Even with the help of the Internet — still rather primitive back then — I had a hard time finding anything in-depth. Eventually, I managed to contact a Vizsla breeder in the Netherlands who had a pair of Slovak Pointers. She graciously sent me photographs of her dogs and provided me with some good background information on the breed.

Years later, I saw my first Slovak Pointers in the flesh. But they were not in Slovakia. They were in France at the home of the president of the French Slovak Pointer club, Annie Pescher. When I saw them, my first thought was “That’s a Weimaraner with a wirehaired coat”. Unfortunately we were unable to arrange a photo session in the field, but Anne and her husband did provide me with a great deal of information on the breed’s character and hunting abilities. My first opportunity to see Slovaks in the field came three years later when my wife and I travelled to Slovakia. There we met Michal Urban, a breeder of SRHPs and the secretary of the national breed club. Michal welcomed us into his home and provided us with an excellent opportunity to get to know his dogs and the breed.

For our first photo session, Michal took us to an area of open fields bordered by some fairly tight cover. One of his dogs was due to have puppies any day, so he brought Cema, a 14-month-old female still in training. As we made our way out into the field, I realised that despite all I had read about the breed and the conversations I’d had with breeders in the Netherlands and France, I was still not quite sure what to expect. Even Hana, our Czech interpreter familiar with most of the European gundog breeds, had never seen a Slovak hunt. She, too, was quite curious to see how the young dog would do. Cema was certainly good looking. Graceful and athletically built, she had a coat that fit the standard to a tee. It was harsh, flat-lying and silver-grey. As she and Michal walked in the field, she remained perfectly at heel with a relaxed, carefree attitude. I asked Michal to pause about half way across so I could take a few photos. I distinctly remember snapping away, marvelling at just how relaxed the two of them were. I’m used to seeing dogs straining at their leashes, whining, even barking in anticipation of the hunt as their nervous handlers try to control them long enough for a few quick snapshots. But there was none of that. Michal and Cema waited patiently as I shot frame after frame.

The field we were in was well over 100 acres in size. It was covered with what looked like spring wheat. Narrow hedgerows lined each side. At the far end, there was low spot choked with willows and dried cattails. It looked like ideal pheasant cover. As I worked my cameras, trying to get just the right shot, I began to wonder if Cema would have the same calm, cool attitude when she was let off leash. Would she work at a leisurely pace a few yards in front of the handler? Or would she cover the field at a gallop? And what about that low spot down at the end? Do they even have pheasants in Slovakia? I soon found out.

From the moment that Cema was let off her leash she absolutely blazed through that field. For the next hour and a half Lisa and I were treated to one of the finest demonstrations of dog-work we’d seen in a long time. At one point, I glanced over at Hana, our interpreter. The expression on her face was priceless. It was one of those awestruck looks you get when you see something way beyond your expectations. And I must have had the same look on my face because as we exchanged glances, we both laughed and said, “Wow!”

Cema covered a beat of about 150 meters on either side of us. She kept up a furious pace. In the tighter cover of the slough, she worked closer in, plowing through the cattails, her tremendous desire obvious to everyone watching. She ran with a powerful, athletic stride, head held relatively high but lower if she came across a trail of a running pheasant. Her points were solid, her retrieves snappy and to-hand. At the end of her run, I concluded that if all Slovak Pointers were like Cema, then whatever the creators of the breed used to develop it, they must have used some very high-quality ingredients.

The next day we travelled to another area to observe a few other Slovak Pointers hunt small game in a vast series of winter wheat fields. Cema was there along with several other dogs from other breeders. Once again, we were quite impressed with what we saw. All the dogs hunted well and showed a good deal of desire. But there were obvious differences among them in terms of appearance and working style. Their coats varied from flat-lying and wirehaired to much longer, softer and woolly. There was also at least one dog there that showed clear signs of alopecia—a genetic condition that causes bald patches on the flanks. There were even two very handsome SRHPs with roan coats: a mix of grey and darker “sable” plates on the flanks.

The running and hunting style of the dogs varied as well. To my eye, Cema was the best dog there. She continued to impress me with a dynamic run and stylish points. The other dogs ranged from very good to so-so. At the end of the day, I was left with the impression that the best Slovaks are world-class, but the breed as a whole is still in the development stages.




Read more about the breed, and all the other pointing breeds from Continental Europe, in my book Pointing Dogs, Volume One: The Continentals

Breed of the Week: The Cesky Fousek

Looking back on the years I spent in public school, I realize that the history lessons I was given were based on the notion that the world was made up of England, Canada, the US and France—in that order. The rest of the globe was considered “foreign land”, worthy of no more than a couple of questions
 on a multiple-choice quiz. So, like most Canadians, and I suspect most Americans,
 I graduated from high school having never heard of such a place as Bohemia.

It wasn’t until I was in university that I learned that Bohemia is a region of the Czech Republic, a country with a fascinating history, rich culture and something especially appealing to a young university student: world-class beer. Years later, when I began the research for this book, I also learned that the Czech Republic even had its own breed of versatile gundog. That was all the motivation I needed to save my money for a budget flight to Prague. How could I resist the lure of an exotic land where history, culture, beer and gundogs awaited me?

HISTORY

"Wasserhund" (water dog) From Der Vollkommene Teutsche Jäger

Officially, the Cesky Fousek it a relatively new breed on the versatile gundog scene. FCI recognition was not granted until 1964. Nevertheless, references to Bohemian hunting dogs, generally assumed to be the Fousek’s ancestors, can be found in documents dating as far back as the 14th century. So, is the Cesky Fousek a modern creation? Or is it the grandfather of all rough-haired continental pointing dogs?

Those who argue in favor of an ancient origin invariably quote a 14th century letter written by a nobleman named Vilem Zajic of Valdek:

In the year 1348, King Charles IV presented to the Margrave of Brandenburg, Ludwig, fine hounds known as Canis bohemicus for the Margrave’s hunting pleasure.

The author’s use of the term Canis bohemicus (Bohemian dog) is considered proof that hunting dogs native to Bohemia existed at the time. However, Zajic makes no mention of their color, size, coat type or even the kind of hunting they were used for; they could have been tracking dogs or sighthounds or water dogs. It is unlikely, though, that they were true pointing dogs. In the mid-1300s, hunters still had to train their dogs to set or point for the net. The few dogs that did have a natural tendency to point were just starting to appear in Italy, Spain and southern France at the time. Nevertheless, we can assume that Bohemia was indeed home to some kind of hunting dog talented enough to warrant the attention of its great king.

Another frequently cited reference is found in a fascinating book, Der Vollkommene Teutsche [Deutsche] Jäger (“The Complete German Hunter”). Written by Johann Friedrich von Flemming around 1724, this richly illustrated two-volume encyclopedia mentions rough-haired dogs from Bohemia used mainly for water work. However, once again, no other details are provided. Like Zajic of Valdek, Flemming was describing a type of dog, not a specific breed. By 1724, some of
 the Bohemian dogs may have even had a natural inclination to point. Most, however, were probably still used as flushers and retrievers.

"Barber (Barbet) or Water Dog" From Der Vollkommene Teutsche Jäger

It wasn't until 1883 that a specific reference to a Czech Rough-haired dog appeared and, for the first time, clearly identified it as a pointer. In a six-volume set entitled Huntsmanship - Handbook for Hunters and Hunting Friends, author Josef Vilém Černý provides a description of the Český Ohar, a brown and white or all-brown, medium-sized, rough-haired Czech pointing dog. Three years later, the word Fousek appears in the record. It is found in an official Czech registry for purebred dogs that lists 19 Pointers, 17 English Setters, nine Irish Setters, 17 Gordon Setters, two Griffons, 81 German Shorthaired Pointers, and 41 Hrubosrstých ohařů - Fousků (Rough-haired pointing dogs – Fouseks). And, finally, in that same year, the words Český and Fousek were formally combined when a group of hunters and breeders in a town south of Prague decided to form a club. They named it the “Society for the Rough- Haired Pointer – Český Fousek – of the Czech kingdom based in Písek”.

At the time, crossbreeding was still a fairly common practice among hunters who simply wanted a good hunting dog. So the Cesky Fouseks of the late 1800s were more of a type of dog than a pure breed. There was probably considerable variation among them in terms of appearance, but in general they must have had similar qualities as versatile gundogs and were much appreciated by Czech, German and Austrian hunters.

Depending on where they were bred, they went by different names. The Czechs used the term Český Fousek. In Germany, experts such as Dr. Hans von Kadich used Stichelhaar or Straufhaarige Hühner- hund and breeders such as Franz Bontant from Frankfurt, called them “Hessian Rough-beards”. Despite the different names in use, all agreed that the dogs came from the area encompassing Bohemia, Moravia, Brandenburg and Hesse.

The political upheaval of the early 20th century was particularly violent in Eastern Europe. For the Cesky Fousek, it was nearly fatal. As war raged across the region, breeding came to a standstill. At war’s end in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had ceased to exist and a new nation, Czechoslovakia, had been proclaimed. But the Fousek was nearly extinct.

In 1924, a new association was formed with the expressed purpose
of restoring the breed, but there were very few dogs left. Even worse, due to massive importations of English Pointers, Setters, and German Shorthaired Pointers, the Cesky Fousek had been relegated to a sort of second-class status among hunters. Undaunted, the few remaining Fousek enthusiasts continued their efforts. When, in 1931, they drafted a new breed standard and enacted new breeding regulations, the Fousek seemed to be on the road to recovery. But in 1939, war once again broke out in the region, and the breed was dealt another devastating blow.

After the Second World War, efforts to revive the breed got under way once again. The association of breeders, which somehow managed 
to remain intact throughout the war, issued new guidelines for its members. The Cesky Fousek was to be bred only by and for hunters, and the top priority of all breeders should be to retain the excellent hunting abilities and character in their dogs. Due to the breed’s small population and narrow genetic base, crossbreeding to other breeds such as German Shorthaired and Wirehaired Pointers was permitted for a time. However, when Czechoslovakia joined the FCI in 1957, and the breed
club sought recognition for the Cesky Fousek, the stud book was closed and the club was required to prove that they had at least three generations of “clean” lines, free of any foreign blood. The breed also faced strong resistance from the VDH (German Kennel Club). The Germans opposed the idea of recognizing a breed they considered to be genetically identical to the Stichelhaar.

It was not until 1964, after an in-depth report on the origins of the Cesky Fousek was submitted to the FCI and the club had finally met all the requirements for pure breeding, that the breed was officially recognized as pure and independent, and its standard, FCI No. 245, adopted. Today, the breed is still represented by a strong and dynamic club in its native land where approximately 500-600 pups are whelped annually. Breeders are also active in Slovakia, Austria, Germany, France, Holland, the US, Canada and New Zealand. Slowly, but surely, the word is getting out about the Cesky Fousek, and its reputation as a dynamic, cooperative gundog is growing around the world.

WHAT'S IN A NAME
The breed's name is pronounced: CHESS-key Foe-sek (Foe rhymes with toe). Ceský means “Czech”. “Fousek” is derived from the Czech word fousy, meaning facial hair or whiskers, and refers to the breed’s prominent moustache and beard. Strictly speaking, Cesky Fousek refers to a male dog. A female is a Ceska Fouska (Chess-ka Foe-ska). The FCI translates the name as the Bohemian Wire-Haired Pointing Griffon.

MY VIEW
If there is one thing we’ve learned after years of travelling to Europe to photograph gundogs, it’s this: breeders generally don’t live in downtown Paris, Madrid or Prague. In fact, many of them live so far off the beaten track that even our GPS unit has had to ask for directions.

Fortunately, Lisa and I speak French, and we can get by in Italian and Spanish. So, when we travel to France, Spain or Italy, we usually have no problem communicating with the locals. In Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, we stick to English, and hope that the people we meet there don’t take offense when we mangle a few words in their native tongue.  But as we planned our first trip to Eastern Europe, I realized that neither of us could even say “hello” in Czech, Slovak or Hungarian, and that the trilingual pocket dictionary we purchased wouldn’t be of much help beyond the train station. Clearly, we had to find an interpreter, an English-speaking local willing to spend several days driving across eastern Europe with a couple of dog-crazy Canadians. Thanks to an international gundog forum on the internet, I found the perfect person. Not only did she speak English, Czech and Slovak, she turned out to be just as dog-crazy as we are!

Hana Dufkova is a delightful young woman and an accomplished dog trainer. She accompanied us throughout our travels in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. Her interpreting services were invaluable. By eliminating the language barrier, she helped us gain a deeper understanding of the cultures in which the versatile dogs of the region were developed.

The first event we attended with her was arranged by the members of the Klub Chovatelů Českých Fousků, the Cesky Fousek’s parent club near the town of Hluboká nad Vltavou.  After coffee and breakfast beers (yes, we drank beer at 9:00 a.m. After all, when in Rome...) we headed to the field for a photo session. We started with a group shot of about a dozen handlers and their dogs. My first impression was that, compared to some other wire-haired breeds we’d seen, there was less variation in the Fousek. They all had harsh, flat-lying wire-haired coats and good furnishings. Heights only varied by a few centimeters, and all the dogs had a no-nonsense, athletic build. Every dog we approached greeted us with a wagging tail and kind, friendly expression. Even the sternest looking males—quite impressive specimens, actually—seemed more likely to lick your hand than to growl.

In the field, the Fouseks reminded me of the Stichelhaars and German Wirehaired Pointers I’d seen in Germany.They covered the ground at a medium gallop at a close to medium range. Without exception, they were very well trained. This was obvious when we began to take some retrieving photos. All of the dogs made happy deliveries of whatever their owners asked them to fetch. Even the biggest and stinkiest fox tossed into the forest was handled easily. At the water, we watched as several dogs were sent in for retrieves. There were no breakneck leaps into the pond, but there was no hesitation either —just a workmanlike effort to get the job done.

After spending an enjoyable day with members of the breed’s parent club, I began to realize that the Cesky Fousek is a lucky breed. It is firmly in the hands of a well-organized group of dedicated hunters, and its fortunes are on the rise outside of its native land. But I still had one more expert to interview. He had been unable to attend the meeting at the clubhouse, but had agreed to meet with us the next day at his clinic north of Prague.

Dr. Jaromir Dostal is considered one of the world’s leading authorities on the Cesky Fousek. A geneticist by profession, he supervised the program designed to maintain the breed’s genetic diversity. But that’s not the reason I mention him here. I mention him because of something Lisa and I said to each other — simultaneously —after our interview with Dr. Dostal.

“Did you see his eyes?”

It was a look we had seen before; a certain fiery sparkle, a radiant glow on the faces of a handful of men we had met in our travels. They were men with decades of experience who had spent countless hours in the fields with their dogs. They had each dedicated much of their lives to a breed of gundog that, without their help, may have fallen into the abyss. We saw the years of ups and downs etched into their faces, and would sometimes hear notes of sadness as they spoke to us about the struggles they’d endured. But, when the light was just right, and the conversation turned to the great dogs they had known, they became young men again, their eyes transformed by an inner glow, their faces beaming.

We saw that look in Dr. Dostal’s eyes that day. Since then, I remember it every time I think about the Cesky Fousek, a lucky breed, indeed.

Dr. Jaromir Dostal 1940-2010

Read more about the breed, and all the other pointing breeds from Continental Europe, in my book Pointing Dogs, Volume One: The Continentals

Breed of the Week: The Cesky Fousek

Looking back on the years I spent in public school, I realize that the history lessons I was given were based on the notion that the world was made up of England, Canada, the US and France—in that order. The rest of the globe was considered “foreign land”, worthy of no more than a couple of questions
 on a multiple-choice quiz. So, like most Canadians, and I suspect most Americans,
 I graduated from high school having never heard of such a place as Bohemia.

It wasn’t until I was in university that I learned that Bohemia is a region of the Czech Republic, a country with a fascinating history, rich culture and something especially appealing to a young university student: world-class beer. Years later, when I began the research for this book, I also learned that the Czech Republic even had its own breed of versatile gundog. That was all the motivation I needed to save my money for a budget flight to Prague. How could I resist the lure of an exotic land where history, culture, beer and gundogs awaited me?

HISTORY

"Wasserhund" (water dog) From Der Vollkommene Teutsche Jäger

Officially, the Cesky Fousek it a relatively new breed on the versatile gundog scene. FCI recognition was not granted until 1964. Nevertheless, references to Bohemian hunting dogs, generally assumed to be the Fousek’s ancestors, can be found in documents dating as far back as the 14th century. So, is the Cesky Fousek a modern creation? Or is it the grandfather of all rough-haired continental pointing dogs?

Those who argue in favor of an ancient origin invariably quote a 14th century letter written by a nobleman named Vilem Zajic of Valdek:

In the year 1348, King Charles IV presented to the Margrave of Brandenburg, Ludwig, fine hounds known as Canis bohemicus for the Margrave’s hunting pleasure.

The author’s use of the term Canis bohemicus (Bohemian dog) is considered proof that hunting dogs native to Bohemia existed at the time. However, Zajic makes no mention of their color, size, coat type or even the kind of hunting they were used for; they could have been tracking dogs or sighthounds or water dogs. It is unlikely, though, that they were true pointing dogs. In the mid-1300s, hunters still had to train their dogs to set or point for the net. The few dogs that did have a natural tendency to point were just starting to appear in Italy, Spain and southern France at the time. Nevertheless, we can assume that Bohemia was indeed home to some kind of hunting dog talented enough to warrant the attention of its great king.

Another frequently cited reference is found in a fascinating book, Der Vollkommene Teutsche [Deutsche] Jäger (“The Complete German Hunter”). Written by Johann Friedrich von Flemming around 1724, this richly illustrated two-volume encyclopedia mentions rough-haired dogs from Bohemia used mainly for water work. However, once again, no other details are provided. Like Zajic of Valdek, Flemming was describing a type of dog, not a specific breed. By 1724, some of
 the Bohemian dogs may have even had a natural inclination to point. Most, however, were probably still used as flushers and retrievers.

"Barber (Barbet) or Water Dog" From Der Vollkommene Teutsche Jäger

It wasn't until 1883 that a specific reference to a Czech Rough-haired dog appeared and, for the first time, clearly identified it as a pointer. In a six-volume set entitled Huntsmanship - Handbook for Hunters and Hunting Friends, author Josef Vilém Černý provides a description of the Český Ohar, a brown and white or all-brown, medium-sized, rough-haired Czech pointing dog. Three years later, the word Fousek appears in the record. It is found in an official Czech registry for purebred dogs that lists 19 Pointers, 17 English Setters, nine Irish Setters, 17 Gordon Setters, two Griffons, 81 German Shorthaired Pointers, and 41 Hrubosrstých ohařů - Fousků (Rough-haired pointing dogs – Fouseks). And, finally, in that same year, the words Český and Fousek were formally combined when a group of hunters and breeders in a town south of Prague decided to form a club. They named it the “Society for the Rough- Haired Pointer – Český Fousek – of the Czech kingdom based in Písek”.

At the time, crossbreeding was still a fairly common practice among hunters who simply wanted a good hunting dog. So the Cesky Fouseks of the late 1800s were more of a type of dog than a pure breed. There was probably considerable variation among them in terms of appearance, but in general they must have had similar qualities as versatile gundogs and were much appreciated by Czech, German and Austrian hunters.

Depending on where they were bred, they went by different names. The Czechs used the term Český Fousek. In Germany, experts such as Dr. Hans von Kadich used Stichelhaar or Straufhaarige Hühner- hund and breeders such as Franz Bontant from Frankfurt, called them “Hessian Rough-beards”. Despite the different names in use, all agreed that the dogs came from the area encompassing Bohemia, Moravia, Brandenburg and Hesse.

The political upheaval of the early 20th century was particularly violent in Eastern Europe. For the Cesky Fousek, it was nearly fatal. As war raged across the region, breeding came to a standstill. At war’s end in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had ceased to exist and a new nation, Czechoslovakia, had been proclaimed. But the Fousek was nearly extinct.

In 1924, a new association was formed with the expressed purpose
of restoring the breed, but there were very few dogs left. Even worse, due to massive importations of English Pointers, Setters, and German Shorthaired Pointers, the Cesky Fousek had been relegated to a sort of second-class status among hunters. Undaunted, the few remaining Fousek enthusiasts continued their efforts. When, in 1931, they drafted a new breed standard and enacted new breeding regulations, the Fousek seemed to be on the road to recovery. But in 1939, war once again broke out in the region, and the breed was dealt another devastating blow.

After the Second World War, efforts to revive the breed got under way once again. The association of breeders, which somehow managed 
to remain intact throughout the war, issued new guidelines for its members. The Cesky Fousek was to be bred only by and for hunters, and the top priority of all breeders should be to retain the excellent hunting abilities and character in their dogs. Due to the breed’s small population and narrow genetic base, crossbreeding to other breeds such as German Shorthaired and Wirehaired Pointers was permitted for a time. However, when Czechoslovakia joined the FCI in 1957, and the breed
club sought recognition for the Cesky Fousek, the stud book was closed and the club was required to prove that they had at least three generations of “clean” lines, free of any foreign blood. The breed also faced strong resistance from the VDH (German Kennel Club). The Germans opposed the idea of recognizing a breed they considered to be genetically identical to the Stichelhaar.

It was not until 1964, after an in-depth report on the origins of the Cesky Fousek was submitted to the FCI and the club had finally met all the requirements for pure breeding, that the breed was officially recognized as pure and independent, and its standard, FCI No. 245, adopted. Today, the breed is still represented by a strong and dynamic club in its native land where approximately 500-600 pups are whelped annually. Breeders are also active in Slovakia, Austria, Germany, France, Holland, the US, Canada and New Zealand. Slowly, but surely, the word is getting out about the Cesky Fousek, and its reputation as a dynamic, cooperative gundog is growing around the world.

WHAT'S IN A NAME
The breed's name is pronounced: CHESS-key Foe-sek (Foe rhymes with toe). Ceský means “Czech”. “Fousek” is derived from the Czech word fousy, meaning facial hair or whiskers, and refers to the breed’s prominent moustache and beard. Strictly speaking, Cesky Fousek refers to a male dog. A female is a Ceska Fouska (Chess-ka Foe-ska). The FCI translates the name as the Bohemian Wire-Haired Pointing Griffon.

MY VIEW
If there is one thing we’ve learned after years of travelling to Europe to photograph gundogs, it’s this: breeders generally don’t live in downtown Paris, Madrid or Prague. In fact, many of them live so far off the beaten track that even our GPS unit has had to ask for directions.

Fortunately, Lisa and I speak French, and we can get by in Italian and Spanish. So, when we travel to France, Spain or Italy, we usually have no problem communicating with the locals. In Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, we stick to English, and hope that the people we meet there don’t take offense when we mangle a few words in their native tongue.  But as we planned our first trip to Eastern Europe, I realized that neither of us could even say “hello” in Czech, Slovak or Hungarian, and that the trilingual pocket dictionary we purchased wouldn’t be of much help beyond the train station. Clearly, we had to find an interpreter, an English-speaking local willing to spend several days driving across eastern Europe with a couple of dog-crazy Canadians. Thanks to an international gundog forum on the internet, I found the perfect person. Not only did she speak English, Czech and Slovak, she turned out to be just as dog-crazy as we are!

Hana Dufkova is a delightful young woman and an accomplished dog trainer. She accompanied us throughout our travels in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. Her interpreting services were invaluable. By eliminating the language barrier, she helped us gain a deeper understanding of the cultures in which the versatile dogs of the region were developed.

The first event we attended with her was arranged by the members of the Klub Chovatelů Českých Fousků, the Cesky Fousek’s parent club near the town of Hluboká nad Vltavou.  After coffee and breakfast beers (yes, we drank beer at 9:00 a.m. After all, when in Rome...) we headed to the field for a photo session. We started with a group shot of about a dozen handlers and their dogs. My first impression was that, compared to some other wire-haired breeds we’d seen, there was less variation in the Fousek. They all had harsh, flat-lying wire-haired coats and good furnishings. Heights only varied by a few centimeters, and all the dogs had a no-nonsense, athletic build. Every dog we approached greeted us with a wagging tail and kind, friendly expression. Even the sternest looking males—quite impressive specimens, actually—seemed more likely to lick your hand than to growl.

In the field, the Fouseks reminded me of the Stichelhaars and German Wirehaired Pointers I’d seen in Germany.They covered the ground at a medium gallop at a close to medium range. Without exception, they were very well trained. This was obvious when we began to take some retrieving photos. All of the dogs made happy deliveries of whatever their owners asked them to fetch. Even the biggest and stinkiest fox tossed into the forest was handled easily. At the water, we watched as several dogs were sent in for retrieves. There were no breakneck leaps into the pond, but there was no hesitation either —just a workmanlike effort to get the job done.

After spending an enjoyable day with members of the breed’s parent club, I began to realize that the Cesky Fousek is a lucky breed. It is firmly in the hands of a well-organized group of dedicated hunters, and its fortunes are on the rise outside of its native land. But I still had one more expert to interview. He had been unable to attend the meeting at the clubhouse, but had agreed to meet with us the next day at his clinic north of Prague.

Dr. Jaromir Dostal is considered one of the world’s leading authorities on the Cesky Fousek. A geneticist by profession, he supervised the program designed to maintain the breed’s genetic diversity. But that’s not the reason I mention him here. I mention him because of something Lisa and I said to each other — simultaneously —after our interview with Dr. Dostal.

“Did you see his eyes?”

It was a look we had seen before; a certain fiery sparkle, a radiant glow on the faces of a handful of men we had met in our travels. They were men with decades of experience who had spent countless hours in the fields with their dogs. They had each dedicated much of their lives to a breed of gundog that, without their help, may have fallen into the abyss. We saw the years of ups and downs etched into their faces, and would sometimes hear notes of sadness as they spoke to us about the struggles they’d endured. But, when the light was just right, and the conversation turned to the great dogs they had known, they became young men again, their eyes transformed by an inner glow, their faces beaming.

We saw that look in Dr. Dostal’s eyes that day. Since then, I remember it every time I think about the Cesky Fousek, a lucky breed, indeed.

Dr. Jaromir Dostal 1940-2010 Read more about the breed, and all the other pointing breeds from Continental Europe, in my book Pointing Dogs, Volume One: The Continentals

Breed of the Week: The Braque Saint Germain

The Braque Saint Germain is the fastest and widest ranging of all the Continentals. It has the nose of an English Pointer, the strength of a Braque Français and a character that’s an ideal blend of the two… in theory.

Unfortunately, tracing the history of the breed and reviewing its current situation is like following the tracks of a roller coaster. From a royal beginning in the court of a french king to a series of gut-wrenching ups and downs, the breed has flirted with fame, fortune—and extinction—for nearly two hundred years.

HISTORY
The story of the Braque Saint Germain is often reduced to a Reader’s Digest version involving an English pointer named Miss and a Braque Français named Zamor. But it doesn’t take much research to discover that the story is only slightly more plausible than the one about Adam and Eve. Okay, maybe that is an exaggeration. After all, we know that Miss and Zamor did actually exist and that they did produce pups with white and orange coats and pink noses. But to conclude that the entire breed traces back to a single pair of dogs is a bit much. On the other hand, the story does explain how the breed got its name.

Sometime around 1820, Count Alexandre de Girardin, the chief huntsman of the French royal court, is said to have presented two English Pointers, named Miss and Stop, to King Charles X of France. According to well-known dog expert Adolphe de la Rue, who actually hunted over the two dogs, they were excellent hunters, especially Miss who he considered “far superior to our Braques”.

As the reign of Charles X crumbled under the strain of middle-class revolt in 1830, the king was forced to abdicate. His royal kennels were dismantled and many of his dogs given away. Stop died before he could be bred. But Miss was bred several times, having been given to M. de Larminat, the chief inspector of the Compiègne Forest, north of Paris. Her first litter was sired by an épagneul allemand marron—a brown “German spaniel”. The pups were said to have been of little value and were given away. A short while later, Miss was bred again, this time to a brown and white Braque Français named Zamor who belonged to the Count de l’Aigle. The first litter from Miss and Zamor produced seven pups, four of which had short white and orange coats and pink noses. It is believed that the two also produced other litters and that many of the pups were distributed among the foresters working under M. Larminat. Larminat sold two pups to Adolphe de la Rue.

I had a bitch and a dog from Miss and Zamor; at seven months of age they would point and retrieve naturally. The education of these ravishing animals gave me no trouble at all.

De la Rue goes on to explain that many of the pups eventually ended up in the area that would ultimately give the breed its name:

In the royal forest service, the foresters often changed residences;
it was in these movements of personnel that the forest officials of Compiègne moved to the forest of Saint Germain and they took their dogs with them. [The dogs] pleased the Parisian hunters with their elegance, their color and their qualities... Fashion and fads have such power over them that the good, excellent braques of their fathers went out of style; they only valued the white and orange dog, which from that time took on a name that has remained: the dog of Saint Germain.

From the dogs’ new home in the forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, just west of Paris, their reputation grew and the name Braque Saint Germain took hold. For about 20 years, from 1830 to 1850, the breed enjoyed a period that De La Rue called the “most beautiful chapter of its history”. As its reputation grew among the well-to-do Parisian sportsmen, so did demand for Saint Germain pups. But the good times did not last long. By the 1860s, unscrupulous breeders had entered the scene selling any dog with an orange and white coat as a “Braque Saint Germain”. Even one of the country’s greatest dog experts, James de Coninck, was fooled.

I saw a purebred female English Pointer win a dog show as
a Braque Saint Germain and I was sold a son of hers as a Saint Germain. I admit that when it comes to dog shows, it is fairly difficult to distinguish where the English Pointer ends and the Saint Germain begins. 

 One thing that a lot of histories of the breed overlook is that orange and white braques had existed in France for many years before Miss and Zamor were ever bred. They were simply thought of as braques du pays (country braques) along with all the others. But with the rise in popular- ity of the Saint Germain, any dog with a white and orange coat began to be bought and sold as if they were Braques Saint Germain. De Coninck wrote that:

It is hard to say that all the Saint Germains of today are descended from those [first] dogs because all orange and white Braques are called “Saint Germains”. And since the crossing of an orange and white dog with another dog, as was the case for Miss, generally results in other orange and white dogs, they fabricated them with a bit of everything.

Much of the confusion was resolved when a breed club was formed in Paris in 1913. Its mission was 
to promote the “use of the Braque Saint Germain in France and elsewhere”. However, an official standard had not yet been adopted. Inevitably, breeders proceeded in different directions and two types of Braque Saint Germain began to appear. One had the look of a rough-and-tumble “meat dog” with a sturdy build: rounded chest, long low-set ears and a thick tail. This larger, coarser type of Braque Saint Germain was a trotter, lacking the speed, range and grace of its English Pointer ancestors. The other type was clearly more elegant. It was smaller, finer boned, had shorter high-set ears and galloped fast and wide.

Disaster struck in 1914 with the First World War decimating the breed. Numbers declined, breeders disappeared and the club fell apart. An attempt to reform it seems to have been made years later, circa 1932, but it was not until well after the Second World War that any kind of organized breeding started up again.

Nevertheless, by the 1950s and ’60s several good lines of Braques Saint Germain had been developed. A few outstanding dogs began to make their mark in shows and occasionally in field trials. But the breed had a hard time gaining much more than a small cult following among French hunters. The parent club struggled with internal dissension and a lack of focus. In the 1980s it counted only 23 members and for a time was dissolved. Even after the club managed to reform a few years later, the Braque Saint Germain failed to capture the attention of serious sportsmen, despite the fact that a few dedicated breeders were posting significant wins in field trials.

In 2001, under the direction of a new president
and executive committee, serious efforts finally got underway to address the breed’s precarious situation. A national meeting and breed show took place near Paris. Remarkably, it was the first time in the breed’s history that the club actually managed to organize such an event. Field trials were run and, perhaps most importantly, the club approved a limited number of crosses to English Pointers to widen the breed’s dangerously narrow gene pool.

Unfortunately, in what seems to be a never-ending cycle, the parent club was once again racked by infighting. Some prominent breeders left for greener pastures or got out of dog breeding altogether. The number of Braques Saint Germain pups whelped each year dropped from an average of about 100 to a low of just over 30 in 2004. The situation seems to have improved lately, but only marginally. In 2009 a total of 109 pups were registered with the SCC (the French Canine Society). But the main issues still remain: too few serious breeders, too few dogs in the hunting field and next to none running in trials or tests.

SELECTION AND BREEDING
The Braque Saint Germain and the Pudelpointer are the only breeds of Continental gundogs whose English Pointer heritage is fully recognized and, indeed promoted, as a positive aspect. Prominent breeder Xavier Thibault, whose Feux Mignons line has produced some of the breed’s best performers, explains:

The Braque Saint Germain has always been considered a half-blood. It should have a blend of characteristics from the Braque and the English Pointer. Unfortunately, the English Pointer characteristics are sometimes not as pronounced as they should be so very occasionally we need to refresh the lines. But breeding English Pointers into the Braque Saint Germain is not really crossbreeding. It is a renewal of the original blend.

With authorization from the Club du Braque Saint Germain and the SCC, such a renewal took place in 2003, and an English Pointer was bred to a Braque Saint Germain. A special pedigree was issued with the parents’ breed clearly listed on it.

What is important to understand is that this sort of breeding can produce excellent result quite quickly. But the real challenge is in maintaining the improvements that are seen in the first generation. For me, the really crucial selection starts with the second generation. We did not cross to the English Pointer to give the breed any more run or a better nose just so that it could win trials. We did it to regain some of the qualities that the breed had lost over the years and to increase the genetic variability within our lines. The Saint Germain should be able to win in trials, but it must also remain a hunting dogs created by and for hunters. 

Almost all Braques Saint Germain are bred in France. Numbers of pups produced can vary quite a bit from year to year, but on average about 80 to 90 pups are whelped in france, and never more than a handful elsewhere.

TESTS AND TRIALS

In order to be more competitive on the field trial scene in France, nearly every breed of pointing dog has benefited from more or less “discreet” crosses to English Pointers and Setters. Yet, for some reason the only Continental breed that is supposed to run nearly as fast and far as the English Pointer, and the only one to have been given official permission to cross to English Pointers, is almost never seen in competition! When I asked Xavier Thibault about his days as virtually the only Braque Saint Germain breeder to run his dogs in trials, he said:

A lot of judges and even other competitors would tell me how pleased they were to see a Braque Saint Germain in competition. It was such a rare thing. Today, no one enters all-breed trials; only a few handlers run in the trials sponsored by the breed club. That is not the way to improve a breed. You need more dogs running in open [all-breed] competitions to make any progress. I may get back into competition; I don’t want to see this wonderful breed die out.

The breed’s parent club organizes one or two field trials and tests per year. A few Braques Saint Germain have run in German tests with good results. As far as I know, none has yet been tested in NAVHDA.

Here is a short video of a photo session I had with some very nice Braques Saint Germain in the Charente region of France. 

Click here for another post I wrote about the Braque Saint Germain. Click here for photos and more information (in German) on the breed.



Read more about the breed, and all the other pointing breeds from Continental Europe, in my book Pointing Dogs, Volume One: The Continentals